Coronal slices of hyperpolarized 3He ADC maps in 2 healthy children (left column) and 2 BPD survivors (right column). The healthy children have homogenously low ADC values, with the older child (bottom left) having slightly elevated values. The BPD survivors have higher ADC values, and the older survivor (bottom right) has focal regions of marked elevated ADC (arrows). (Reprinted from Altes TA, Mata J, Froh DK, et al. Abnormalities of lung structure in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia as assessed by diffusion hyperpolarized helium-3 MRI. Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med 2006; 14:86; with permission.)

Reprinted with permission from Clin Perinatol. 2015 Dec;42(4):871-87. Walkup et al. Newer Imaging Techniques for Bronchopulmonary

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived eccentricity index (EI). EI measured at end-systole in a 51-day-old (40.57 weeks PMA) male control infant (a) and a 25-day-old (42.29 weeks PMA) male infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH; c) from short-axis retrospective electrocardiogram-gated two-dimensional (2-D) balanced steady-state cine images at the mid-level of the left ventricle (yellow slice on long-axis images acquired in a control (b) and CDH (d) infants). EI is the ratio of D2/D1, where D1 and D2 correspond to the LV diameter perpendicular to and parallel to the ventricular septum, respectively. EI>1 is suggestive of pulmonary arterial hypertension. LV endocardial (red) and epicardial (green) and RV endocardial (yellow) contours are demonstrated on the short-axis view of the heart (a; c). LV left ventricle, RV right ventricle, PMA post-menstrual age

Reprinted with permission Pediatr Radiol, 2022 May 12, Tkach et al. Quantitative cardiopulmonary magnetic resonance imaging in neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Dysplasia Differences in parenchymal structure of control and 3 BPD patients using a small footprint 1.5-T MRI scanner in the NICU. PMA at birth and at MRI are given for each patient.

Reprinted with permission from Clin Perinatol. 2015 Dec;42(4):871-87. Walkup et al. Newer Imaging Techniques for Bronchopulmonary

Case 3 before and after surgical repair: A&D) a clinical chest radiograph, demonstrating a coiled feeding tube prior to repair; B&E) a sagittal MRI slice (3D isotropic resolution of 0.7 mm); and C&F) oblique view of a MRI-based 3D surface rendering of EA/TEF anatomy (airways in green, pre-repair proximal esophagus in cyan, pre-repair distal esophagus in yellow, and post-repair esophagus in cyan), shown within a volume rendering of the body MR image. Note the post-repair collapse of the trachea, indicating some degree of tracheomalacia.

Reprinted with permission J Pediatr Surg Case Rep. 2018 Feb; 29: 5–8., Published online 2017 Oct 3. Higano et al. Pre- and post-operative visualization of neonatal esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula via magnetic resonance imaging

Comparison of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven semantic labelling in the clinical validation cohort a, c, e) before and b, d, f) after 1 year of treatment by lumacaftor/ivacaftor in a 15-year-old male with cystic fibrosis. a, b) 2D axial computed tomography (CT) slices, with c, d) AI-driven semantic labelling displayed in the corresponding axial slice. e, f) By integrating all individual 2D labellings over the entire CT scan, a 3D reconstruction is allowed and displayed in coronal view. c–f) Bronchiolar mucus plugs with the “tree-in-bud” pattern are labelled in yellow, mucus-free bronchial lumen dilatation in red and peribronchial thickening in green. Yellow arrows emphasize the example of bronchiolar mucus plugs (c) that were not visible at 1 year (d). There was a reduction in total abnormal volume (TAV) before and after treatment (e, f). Forced expiratory volume in 1 s % predicted (FEV1%) was normal at baseline (104%) and remained stable at follow-up (103%).

Reprinted with permission from Eur Respir J. 2022 Mar 3;59(3): Dournes et al. Artificial intelligence in computed tomography for quantifying lung changes in the era of CFTR modulators