What is Short Bowel Syndrome?
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is when a large portion of the intestine does not work normally. This can happen if a large part of the intestine has been surgically removed or if a baby is born with an abnormally short intestine.
What are Possible Complications of SBS?
- Child does not gain weight (sometimes labeled “failure to thrive”)
- Dehydration
- Vitamin deficiencies because of poor absorption in the intestine
- Ulcers from excess stomach acid
- Bacterial overgrowth in areas of dilated intestine
- Kidney stones or gallstones due to poor absorption of calcium or bile
- Liver disease
What are Causes of SBS?
When present at birth, SBS can be caused by:
- Narrowing or obstruction of the intestines
- Abnormally short small intestine
SBS can occur if part of the intestine needs to be surgically removed:
- NEC (necrotizing enterocolitis) in babies
- Twisting of the intestine (volvulus)
- Intestinal resection for Crohn’s disease
- Removing part of the intestine for other reasons (tumors, abnormal blood supply, strictures, etc.)
Other issues:
- Intestinal pseudo-obstruction or abnormal motility of the bowel
- Damage to the intestines from radiation therapy
What are the Symptoms of SBS?
- Poor weight gain or weight loss
- Bloating
- Poor appetite
- Increased gas
- Foul smelling stools
- Fatigue
- Pale or pasty-looking skin
- Vomiting
How is SBS Treated?
The right diet is key in helping the body absorb all the nutrients it needs to grow. For infants, the diet can consist of breast milk or formulas that are pre-digested or hypoallergenic. At the first stage of treatment, IV nutrition is usually needed for growth and good hydration.
Treatment of vitamin deficiency and anemia is also very important.
It is hoped that the bowel will grow in size and adapt to eventually be able to perform all the required functions without the need for IV nutrition.
Depending on the cause and severity of conditions such as intestinal malrotation and volvulus, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, and long-segment Hirschsprung disease, surgical care may be needed. Intestinal transplantation can be considered for severe forms of short bowel syndrome.
